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Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
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For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
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Science development study for the Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST): Solar and stellar

Sven Wedemeyer1,2, Miroslav Barta3, Roman Brajša4

  • 1Rosseland Centre for Solar Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Oslo, N-0315, Norway.

Open Research Europe
|August 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The proposed Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST) will offer new capabilities for observing the Sun and stars. This will enhance our understanding of stellar atmospheres, flares, and the solar cycle.

Keywords:
Sun activitySun atmosphereSun filamentsSun flaresmagnetic fieldsprominencessolar-terrestrial relationssunspots

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Area of Science:

  • Solar physics and astrophysics
  • Stellar atmosphere studies
  • Exoplanet research

Background:

  • Submillimeter observations provide unique insights into stellar chromospheres.
  • Current observatories lack the diagnostic capabilities for detailed solar atmospheric studies.
  • The Sun serves as a crucial reference for understanding active stars.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the scientific cases for the Atacama Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (AtLAST).
  • To define the technical requirements for AtLAST to address key solar and stellar science questions.
  • To highlight AtLAST's potential for advancing the study of stellar activity and its impact on exoplanets.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous observation of the radiation continuum across an extended frequency range.
  • High temporal cadence mapping of large solar regions and the entire solar disk.
  • Long-term synoptic observations for studying the solar activity cycle.

Main Results:

  • AtLAST will enable detailed mapping of different solar atmospheric layers, revealing 3D structure.
  • It will facilitate the detection and tracking of flares and prominences with high temporal resolution.
  • Synoptic observations will provide an unprecedented view of the solar cycle in the submillimeter regime.

Conclusions:

  • AtLAST's proposed capabilities will significantly advance solar and stellar physics.
  • It will enable a deeper understanding of stellar chromospheres, activity, and their influence on exoplanets.
  • The telescope is poised to address critical gaps in current observational astronomy.