Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods01:17

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

150
Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
The chosen potential...
150
Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

Standard Electrode Potentials

43.6K
On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
43.6K
MOS Capacitor01:25

MOS Capacitor

741
A Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitor is a fundamental structure used extensively in semiconductor device technology, particularly in the fabrication of integrated circuits and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors). The MOS capacitor consists of three layers: a metal gate, a dielectric oxide, and a semiconductor substrate.
The metal gate is typically made from highly conductive materials such as aluminum or polysilicon. Beneath the metal gate lies a thin layer of...
741
Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

500
Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at...
500
Potentiometry: Overview01:06

Potentiometry: Overview

1.6K
Potentiometry is an analytical technique that measures the potential difference between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell without drawing any significant current that could alter the solution's composition. This method employs an indicator electrode, which exchanges electrons with the analyte solution, and a reference electrode with a constant potential. Each electrode is immersed in a solution comprised of two half-cells. In a conventional setup, the reference electrode serves as...
1.6K
Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria01:30

Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria

445
Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
Consider the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates, whereas Fe2+...
445

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Echinacoside restores levofloxacin activity against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: evidence for iron-responsive siderophore-like properties and membrane disruption.

Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology·2026
Same author

Decoupling the Effects of Ion Gating from Photoinduced Quasi-Fermi Level Splitting at Photoelectrochemical Interfaces.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

Vibrational Spectroscopy of Ionic Liquids Electrochemically Intercalated into Multilayer Graphene.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

Electronically Driven Combustion of Energetic Ionic Liquids in a Microcell Reactor.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

Selenium-Based Nanoplatforms: An Emerging Theranostic Paradigm for Gynecological Cancers.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Endogenous retrovirus-derived RNA-DNA hybrids induce microglial synaptic pruning in autism models.

Neuron·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Development of a 3D Graphene Electrode Dielectrophoretic Device
11:15

Development of a 3D Graphene Electrode Dielectrophoretic Device

Published on: June 22, 2014

12.0K

Low Reducing Potentials Enabled by CaF2-Supported Graphene Electrodes in High Impedance Solutions.

Rifat Shahriar1, Bofan Zhao1, Indu Aravind2

  • 1Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|August 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Graphene electrodes enable extremely low electrochemical potentials in D2O, reaching -3.9 V effective reducing potential. This study demonstrates pure water as a superior electrolyte for low-potential applications compared to ionic liquids.

Keywords:
Raman spectroscopygraphenehigh operating voltage windowionic liquidslow reducing potentials

More Related Videos

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors
09:15

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors

Published on: November 22, 2016

10.6K
Manufacturing of a Nafion-coated, Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Chemiresistive Sensor to Monitor pH in Real-time During Microbial Fermentation
11:18

Manufacturing of a Nafion-coated, Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Chemiresistive Sensor to Monitor pH in Real-time During Microbial Fermentation

Published on: January 7, 2019

8.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Development of a 3D Graphene Electrode Dielectrophoretic Device
11:15

Development of a 3D Graphene Electrode Dielectrophoretic Device

Published on: June 22, 2014

12.0K
Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors
09:15

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors

Published on: November 22, 2016

10.6K
Manufacturing of a Nafion-coated, Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Chemiresistive Sensor to Monitor pH in Real-time During Microbial Fermentation
11:18

Manufacturing of a Nafion-coated, Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Chemiresistive Sensor to Monitor pH in Real-time During Microbial Fermentation

Published on: January 7, 2019

8.5K

Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Achieving extremely low electrochemical potentials is crucial for studying reduction half-reactions and developing advanced electrochemical systems.
  • Graphene's unique properties, including hydrophobicity and catalytic inertness, offer potential for stable electrochemical interfaces.
  • Conventional electrolytes often face limitations in achieving very low potentials due to side reactions like bubble formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate electrochemical measurements at graphene/D2O interfaces using in situ Raman spectroscopy under extremely low applied potentials.
  • To compare the performance of D2O as an electrolyte with ionic liquids for achieving low reducing potentials.
  • To understand the relationship between applied potential, Fermi level shifts, and Raman spectra of graphene.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical measurements combined with in situ Raman spectroscopy were performed on graphene electrodes in D2O.
  • Applied potentials ranged down to -7 V vs Ag/AgCl, with current densities monitored to avoid hydrogen evolution.
  • Calcium fluoride (CaF2) substrates were used to facilitate lower potentials compared to glass substrates.

Main Results:

  • Graphene electrodes in D2O allowed potentials as low as -7 V applied, with an effective reducing potential of -3.9 V vs Ag/AgCl.
  • A linear relationship was observed between the G band Raman shift (ΔωG) and applied potential, indicating Fermi level changes up to ΔEF = -0.43 eV.
  • D2O demonstrated superior performance over ionic liquids ([DEME][TFSI]), enabling lower potentials (-3.9 V vs -2.7 V effective) and larger Fermi level shifts.

Conclusions:

  • Pure water (D2O) serves as a more robust electrolyte than ionic liquids for achieving significantly low reducing potentials at graphene electrodes.
  • The observed large Fermi level shifts in graphene suggest its suitability for applications favoring reduction half-reactions.
  • CaF2 substrates are advantageous over glass for reaching lower potentials due to reduced substrate interference.