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Hadza Landscape Burning.

Jacob A Harris1, Mariamu Anyawire2, Audax Mabulla3

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Summary

Hadza hunter-gatherers in Tanzania practice landscape burning for hunting and safety, but this male-dominated activity is declining due to social conflicts and changing land use. This ethnographic study details their unique burning practices and their diminishing role.

Keywords:
Behavioral ecologyEthnic conflictFire ecologyHunter-gatherersIndigenous land managementLandscape burning

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Area of Science:

  • Anthropology
  • Environmental Science
  • Ecology

Background:

  • The ethnographic record of anthropogenic burning practices among hunter-gatherer communities is limited.
  • Understanding landscape burning by Indigenous groups provides insights into human-environment interactions.
  • The Hadza people of northern Tanzania have unique traditional ecological knowledge related to landscape burning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide the first published ethnographic description of landscape burning by Hadza hunter-gatherers.
  • To identify environmental, social, and cultural influences on Hadza landscape burning practices.
  • To compare Hadza burning practices with those of other hunter-gatherer populations globally.

Main Methods:

  • Collection of interview data from Hadza individuals in 2022 and 2023 regarding burning practices and attitudes.
  • Firsthand observations of landscape burning activities.
  • Analysis of satellite imagery data from 2001 to 2022 to assess trends in burning activity.

Main Results:

  • Hadza landscape burning is predominantly a solitary, male-dominated activity, differing from accounts in North America and Australia.
  • Primary motivations for burning include improved hunting, hazard reduction from dangerous animals, and livestock management.
  • Both observational data and interviews indicate a decrease in landscape burning over the past two decades, corroborated by satellite imagery.

Conclusions:

  • Hadza landscape burning is a culturally influenced, gender-biased practice that is rapidly declining.
  • Conflicts with pastoralists over land use and burning practices have significantly constrained this activity.
  • The decline of Hadza landscape burning represents a loss of traditional ecological knowledge and a shift in land management strategies.