[Prognosis and immune biomarkers of multiple myeloma]

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a highly heterogeneous hematological malignancy. The complex cytogenetic changes, immune cell infiltration and genetic mutations in MM jointly promote the proliferation, survival and drug resistance of MM cells. Therefore, understanding the tumor biological characteristics of MM and exploring the prognosis and immune biomarkers of MM are crucial for improving MM patient outcomes. Immune biomarkers, such as neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR), and platelet/monocyte ratio (PLR), are of great significance for risk stratification and evaluation of treatment response in MM. Currently, new prognostic biomarkers for MM are being explored to provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of MM.