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Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Cancer Prevention02:59

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
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Prostate Cancer Early Detection in the European Union and UK.

Renée C A Leenen1, Lionne D F Venderbos1, Jozien Helleman1

  • 1Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

European Urology
|August 25, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This review synthesizes evidence on prostate cancer (PCa) screening, finding that while PSA screening can reduce mortality, it carries risks like overdiagnosis. Risk-adapted strategies are key for future PCa detection.

Keywords:
BenefitsEarly detectionHarmsMortalityOpportunistic testingProstate cancerProstate-specific antigenScreeningScreening behaviour

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality are rising, yet early detection remains controversial.
  • Existing systematic reviews (SRs) often focus narrowly, limiting comprehensive understanding of PCa screening.
  • A comprehensive SR of contemporary SRs is needed for PCa early detection in the EU and UK.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive systematic review (SR) of contemporary SRs on prostate cancer early detection.
  • To synthesize evidence on invitation strategies, decision-making, screening tests, and harms/benefits of PCa screening.
  • To identify consensus and discrepancies in evidence to guide future research and improve PCa screening strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Searched four databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane) and Google Scholar on June 1, 2023.
  • Included only systematic reviews (SRs), qualitative, quantitative, and meta-analyses (MAs) to avoid repetition.
  • Identified common themes across 26 eligible SRs to systematically present evidence.

Main Results:

  • Recommended invitation age for general risk: >50 years, discontinue >70 years or <10 years life expectancy.
  • Shared decision-making (SDM) is recommended but variably implemented; decision aids inform choices but don't alter uptake.
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening reduces PCa mortality in men 55-69 if screened twice, but risks include overdiagnosis and overtreatment.
  • Risk-adapted screening (e.g., risk calculators, MRI, biomarkers) shows promise for reducing harms.

Conclusions:

  • Identified consistent and conflicting evidence in PCa screening literature.
  • Highlighted evidence-based foundations and areas requiring further research for PCa burden reduction.
  • Emphasized the need for improved prostate cancer screening strategies in the EU and UK.