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Related Concept Videos

Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

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Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
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Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility01:13

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Actin is a family of globular proteins that are highly abundant in eukaryotic cells. It makes up approximately 1-5% of total cell protein concentration. Actin monomers polymerize to form a complex network of polarized filaments, the actin cytoskeleton, that plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including cell motility, division, endocytosis, and metastasis of cancer cells.
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Actin Filament Depolymerization01:19

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Actin filaments (F-actin) are composed of actin subunits. The dissociation of actin monomers can occur from either end of F-actin. The rate of dissociation is faster from the minus-end or the pointed end, where the actin subunits exist with a bound ADP, together known as ADP-actin. The depolymerization of F-actin is aided by proteins, including the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and cofilin family of proteins, gelsolin, and glia maturation factor (GMF).
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Preparation of Liquid Crystal Networks for Macroscopic Oscillatory Motion Induced by Light
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Delayed Excitations Induce Polymer Looping and Coherent Motion.

Andriy Goychuk1, Deepti Kannan2, Mehran Kardar2

  • 1Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, <a href="https://ror.org/042nb2s44">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Physical Review Letters
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active polymers with patterned energy use exhibit correlated motions, folding into specific shapes. Time-delayed active kicks can surprisingly lead to significant polymer compaction.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Physics
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • Active polymers are systems that consume energy to generate motion.
  • Understanding how internal active processes influence polymer conformation is crucial.
  • Temporal patterns of energy consumption can lead to complex behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how temporal patterns of active processes in inhomogeneous polymers affect their dynamics and conformations.
  • To explore the coupling of distant polymer segments through active processes.
  • To analyze the impact of time-delayed active kicks on polymer folding.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of inhomogeneous polymers driven by active processes.
  • Analysis of polymer dynamics under temporal excitation programs.
  • Simulations of polymer conformations influenced by athermal kicks and their echoes.

Main Results:

  • Active processes with temporal patterns induce correlated motions between distant polymer loci.
  • These correlated motions lead to the formation of specific polymer conformations dictated by local actions and distribution.
  • A time-delayed echo of active kicks can unexpectedly cause strong polymer compaction.

Conclusions:

  • Temporal excitation programs in active polymers can effectively couple distinct segments, leading to predictable folding.
  • The spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of active processes are key determinants of polymer structure.
  • Feedback mechanisms, like time-delayed echoes, offer novel ways to control polymer compaction.