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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
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Persistent Hypoglossal Artery.

Lucas Dekesel1, Thiebault Saveyn1, Benjamin Leenknegt1

  • 1AZ Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium.

Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology
|September 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The persistent hypoglossal artery is a rare anatomical variation. Understanding this vascular anomaly is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning.

Area of Science:

  • Anatomical Variations
  • Vascular Neurology
  • Cranial Anatomy

Background:

  • The persistent hypoglossal artery (PHA) is an exceptionally rare congenital anomaly.
  • It represents a failure of regression of the primitive hypoglossal artery during embryonic development.
  • This variant can be associated with various neurological symptoms and cerebrovascular pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic significance of the persistent hypoglossal artery.
  • To review the embryological basis and clinical implications of this rare vascular variant.
  • To emphasize the importance of recognizing PHA in neuroimaging and endovascular procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of reported cases of persistent hypoglossal artery.
Keywords:
Carotid-vertebral anastomosescongenital variantpersistent hypoglossal artery

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  • Analysis of embryological development of cranial arteries.
  • Review of diagnostic imaging modalities (e.g., MRA, CTA, DSA) for PHA detection.
  • Discussion of associated clinical conditions and therapeutic strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • The persistent hypoglossal artery arises from the internal carotid artery and supplies the vertebrobasilar system.
    • It is the most common intracranial arterial anomaly, with an incidence of approximately 0.1% to 0.6%.
    • Associated conditions include aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and ischemic events.

    Conclusions:

    • The persistent hypoglossal artery, though rare, is clinically significant.
    • Accurate identification is essential for avoiding misdiagnosis and guiding treatment for associated cerebrovascular diseases.
    • Awareness among clinicians and radiologists is paramount for optimal patient management.