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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons
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Plasmonic Radiation from Spin-Momentum Locking.

Yu-Lu Lei1,2, Juan-Feng Zhu3, Zi-Wen Zhang1,2

  • 1Center for Carbon-based Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|September 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers generated pure, tunable chiral free-electron radiation by leveraging spin-momentum locking in spoof surface plasmons. This breakthrough overcomes challenges in producing broadband chiral light for advanced applications.

Keywords:
chiralityfree‐electron radiationspin‐momentum lockingspoof surface plasmons

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Quantum Information Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Chiral light emission is crucial for applications like sensing and quantum communication.
  • Current methods face challenges in achieving pure, tunable, broadband chiral emission.
  • Free-electron radiation offers a potential solution for overcoming these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel method for generating chiral free-electron radiation.
  • To exploit the spin-momentum locking (SML) property of spoof surface plasmons (SSPs) for chiral emission.
  • To achieve pure, tunable, and broadband chiral free-electron radiation.

Main Methods:

  • Excitation of SSPs by matching free electron phase velocity.
  • Transformation of confined SSPs into free-space radiation via wavenumber compensation.
  • Conversion of transverse spin angular momentum to longitudinal spin angular momentum via angular momentum conservation.

Main Results:

  • Successful generation of pure and tunable chiral free-electron radiation.
  • Broad spectrum emission achieved.
  • Optimal degree of circular polarization approaching -1 demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • The presented method effectively produces chiral free-electron radiation.
  • The technique leverages SML and SSPs for efficient chiral light generation.
  • This approach offers new possibilities for chiral emission in various platforms.