Recent progress in electrochemical C-N coupling: metal catalyst strategies and applications

Electrochemical C-N coupling reactions hold significant importance in the fields of organic chemistry and green chemistry. Conventional methods for constructing C-N bonds typically rely on high temperatures, high pressures, and other conditions that are energy-intensive and prone to generating environmental pollutants. In contrast, the electrochemical approaches employ electrical energy as the driving force to achieve C-N bond formation under ambient conditions, representing a more environment-friendly and sustainable alternative. The notable advantages of electrochemical C-N coupling include high efficiency, good selectivity, and mild reaction conditions. Through rational design of corresponding electrocatalysts, it is possible to achieve efficient C-N bond coupling at low potentials. Moreover, the electrochemical methods allow for precise control over reaction conditions, thereby avoiding side reactions and by-products that are common for conventional methods, improving both selectivity and product purity. Despite the extensive research efforts devoted to exploring the potential of electrochemical C-N coupling, the design of efficient and stable metal catalysts remains a significant challenge. In this review, we summarize and evaluate the latest strategies developed for designing metal catalysts, and their application prospects for different nitrogen sources such as N₂ and NO. We delineate how the control over nanoscale structures, morphologies, and electronic properties of metal catalysts can optimize their performance in C-N coupling reactions, and discuss the performances and advantages of single-metal catalysts, bimetallic catalysts, and single-atom catalysts under various reaction conditions. By summarizing the latest research achievements, particularly in the development of high-efficiency catalysts, the application of novel catalyst materials, and the in-depth study of reaction mechanisms, this review aims to provide insights for future research in the field of electrochemical C-N coupling, and demonstrates that rationally designed metal catalysts could not only enhance the efficiency and selectivity of electrochemical C-N coupling reactions, but also offer conceptual frameworks for other electrochemical reactions.