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Updated: Jun 14, 2025

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Published on: June 3, 2020
Cognitive processing speed and accuracy are intrinsically different in genetic architecture and brain phenotypes
Mingyang Li1, Xixi Dang2, Yiwei Chen1
1Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Yuquan Campus, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
This study reveals two core dimensions of cognition: cognitive processing speed (CPS) and cognitive processing accuracy (CPA). These factors have distinct neurobiological underpinnings and impact mental health and development.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Cognitive Science
- Genetics
Background:
- Cognitive ability has traditionally been measured using reaction time and accuracy.
- These measures are often conceptualized along two fundamental dimensions: cognitive processing speed (CPS) and cognitive processing accuracy (CPA).
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the presence and neurobiological basis of CPS and CPA using genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
- To explore the differential associations of CPS and CPA with health-related traits and psychiatric disorders.
- To examine the contributions of CPS and CPA to cognitive development in adolescents.
Main Methods:
- Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on 14 cognitive traits.
- Analysis of brain phenotypes, neurobiological markers, and developmental trajectories.
- Utilized the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study cohort for independent validation.
Main Results:
- Identified distinct brain phenotypes (e.g., white matter microstructure) and neurobiological bases (e.g., postsynaptic membrane) for CPS and CPA.
- CPS and CPA showed differential associations with lifestyle factors (screen exposure, sleep) and causal links to psychiatric disorders (major depressive disorder, schizophrenia).
- Confirmed distinct contributions of CPS and CPA to adolescent cognitive development.
Conclusions:
- Cognitive processing speed and accuracy are fundamental dimensions of cognition with distinct neurobiological and genetic architectures.
- These cognitive factors are intricately linked to lifestyle, mental health, and adolescent development.
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