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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

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Toxicologic Pathology Forum: mRNA Vaccine Safety-Separating Fact From Fiction.

Rani S Sellers1, Philip R Dormitzer2

  • 1The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.

Toxicologic Pathology
|September 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The rapid development of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines for COVID-19 was crucial in reducing severe illness and death. This article addresses ongoing public safety concerns regarding mRNA vaccine technology.

Keywords:
COVID-19adverse eventsclinical safetymRNA-LNPnonclinicalvaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic, leading to millions of deaths.
  • No vaccines or antiviral treatments were available at the pandemic's outset for the novel SARS coronavirus.
  • The urgent need for protection against COVID-19 drove vaccine development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize and address persistent public safety concerns surrounding COVID-19 vaccines.
  • To discuss the underlying messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine technology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature and public health data regarding SARS-CoV-2.
  • Analysis of the development and deployment of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines.
  • Examination of reported safety concerns and scientific evidence.

Main Results:

  • mRNA vaccine technology enabled accelerated development of COVID-19 vaccines.
  • These vaccines significantly reduced severe complications and mortality from SARS-CoV-2.
  • Despite demonstrated efficacy, public safety concerns persist.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA vaccines were critical in mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Addressing public concerns requires clear communication about vaccine safety and technology.
  • Continued research and transparent reporting are essential for public trust.