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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Author Spotlight: Deciphering Neural Circuit Formation from Two-Photon Microscopy and Single Neuron Imaging

Author Spotlight: Deciphering Neural Circuit Formation from Two-Photon Microscopy and Single Neuron Imaging

Published on: November 21, 2023

Spatiotemporal resonance in mouse primary visual cortex.

Rasa Gulbinaite¹, Mojtaba Nazari², Michael E Rule³

¹Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Current Biology : CB

|September 10, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Rhythmic flickering light causes resonant responses in the primary visual cortex (V1). This study provides the first empirical evidence of standing waves in the visual cortex, matching wave equation solutions.

Keywords:

flicker glutamate iGluSnFR mouse resonance standing waves steady-state visual evoked potentials traveling waves visual cortex widefield optical imaging

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Published on: July 1, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Visual Perception
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

Human primary visual cortex (V1) exhibits resonant responses to specific frequencies of rhythmic flickering light.
Mathematical models suggest these responses, and perceived geometric patterns, arise from standing waves formed by periodic neural network forcing.
Empirical evidence for these flicker-induced cortical standing waves was previously lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the existence and characteristics of flicker-induced standing waves in the primary visual cortex.
To compare temporal frequency tuning in mouse V1 with human responses.
To explore the spatial patterns of cortical activity evoked by flickering light.

Main Methods:

Utilized high-spatial-resolution widefield imaging in awake mice.
Employed high-temporal-resolution glutamate-sensing fluorescent reporter (iGluSnFR) to record neural activity.
Analyzed cortical responses to various flicker frequencies.

Main Results:

Mouse V1 temporal frequency tuning curves showed resonance peaks (8, 15, and 33 Hz), similar to human observations.
Flicker stimulation evoked retinotopically mapped responses and additional spatial peaks in V1.
Observed cortical patterns exhibited standing-wave characteristics, consistent with linear wave equation solutions within a restricted cortical area.

Conclusions:

Periodic traveling waves interacting with visual cortex boundaries generate spatiotemporal activity patterns.
These patterns, characterized by standing waves, are empirically demonstrated in the visual cortex.
The findings offer insights into the neural mechanisms underlying visual perception and potential hallucinatory phenomena.