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Actin and Myosin in Muscle Contraction01:16

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Actin and myosin are contractile proteins that form the sarcomere found in skeletal muscle tissues for regulating muscle contraction. Actin, a globular contractile protein, interacts with myosin for muscle contraction. The skeletal tissue appears striped or striated under a microscope due to the repeated arrangement of contractile proteins actin and myosin along the length of myofibrils. Dark A bands and light I bands repeat along myofibrils, and the alignment of myofibrils in the cell causes...
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Actin and myosin or actomyosin filaments also play a significant role in cells other than those involved in muscle contraction (which occurs within the sarcomere of muscle cells). The mechanism of non-muscle cell contractile bundles was first observed in Dictyostelium and Acanthamoeba. In non-muscle cells, two bundles are commonly found: stress fibers and actomyosin adherence belts. These contractile bundles are smaller and less organized than the ones found in muscle cells. They  are held...
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Excitation-contraction coupling is a series of events that occur between generating an action potential and initiating a muscle contraction. It occurs at the triad, a structure found in skeletal muscle fibers that comprise a T-tubule and terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum on each side. These triads are visible in longitudinally sectioned muscle fibers. They are typically located at the A-I junction — the junction between the A and I bands of the sarcomere.
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Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles01:29

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The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
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Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle cells, while in non-muscle cells, it is lower and makes up around 1–5 percent of the total cell protein. Actin found in the unicellular amoebae and complex multicellular animals is around 80% similar, demonstrating their conservation over a billion years of evolution.  Actin coding genes are conserved within species and across...
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Actin filaments undergo polymerization and depolymerization from either end. The polymerization and depolymerization rates depend on the cytosolic concentration of free G-actins. The polymerization rate is generally higher at the plus or barbed end, while the depolymerization rate is higher at the minus or pointed end. At a steady state, critical concentration describes the concentration of free G-actin monomers at which the polymerization rate at the plus end is equal to that of the...
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Phenomenological Muscle Constitutive Model With Actin-Titin Binding for Simulating Active Stretching.

Manuel Lucas Sampaio de Oliveira1, Thomas K Uchida1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis-Pasteur, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
|September 13, 2024
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Summary

This study introduces a new muscle model that accounts for residual force enhancement, improving the stability and accuracy of human movement simulations. The model enhances simulations of active muscle lengthening by incorporating a novel constitutive approach.

Keywords:
elasticity tensorfinite elementforce enhancementskeletal muscletitinworm-like chain

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Computational Biology
  • Muscle Physiology

Background:

  • Current muscle models for human movement simulations often lack numerical stability due to simplified force-length relationships.
  • These models do not fully capture the complex contractile history-dependent properties of muscle, such as residual force enhancement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel constitutive model for muscle exhibiting residual force enhancement.
  • To implement this model as a hyperelastic material within the FEBio finite element software for accurate biomechanical simulations.
  • To demonstrate the numerical stability and utility of the model in simulating active muscle lengthening.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a constitutive model incorporating residual force enhancement based on sarcomere length at activation.
  • Implemented the model as a hyperelastic material in FEBio.
  • Performed eigenvalue analysis and simulations of muscles with varying fiber lengths and a 3D muscle geometry to assess stability and effects.

Main Results:

  • The proposed model successfully exhibits residual force enhancement.
  • Numerical stability was demonstrated through eigenvalue analysis and simulations.
  • The model accurately predicts the effect of force enhancement on stress development and fiber length distribution in a 3D muscle geometry.

Conclusions:

  • The developed muscle material model provides a more realistic representation of muscle behavior during active lengthening.
  • This model enhances the stability and accuracy of finite element simulations of human movement.
  • The implementation in FEBio allows for reproducible research and further investigation into muscle mechanics.