Inlayed teeth of ancient Mayans: a tribological study using the SEM

Area of Science:

• Archaeological science
• Paleodontology
• Materials science

Background:

• Investigating ancient dental modifications provides insights into past technologies and practices.
• Meso-American cultures are known for sophisticated dental inlays and modifications.

Observation:

• Microscopic analysis of Meso-American Indian skulls revealed inlayed teeth with round cavity preparations (2-3 mm diameter, 1-2 mm deep) in enamel and dentin.
• Cavity floor and wall morphologies varied, including square, rounded, and undercut forms, with occasional elevated, depressed, or rounded floors.
• Abrasion anomalies presented as concentric, shallow grooves on the tooth tissue, indicative of the preparation method.

Findings:

• Experimental cavity preparations using wood and stone drills with sand abrasive were compared to ancient specimens.
• Wooden drills produced varied cutting patterns, including flat, elevated, and depressed floors, consistent with observed Meso-American dental work.
• The variety of preparation forms is better explained by wooden drills and sand abrasive than by tubular drills.

Implications:

• This study refines our understanding of the tools and techniques used for ancient dental modifications in Meso-America.
• The findings challenge previous hypotheses regarding the use of tubular drills for these specific dental preparations.
• Results contribute to the broader knowledge of ancient craft technologies and human interaction with materials.