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Related Concept Videos

Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets01:17

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
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Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
Two specific drugs used in the treatment are alosetron (Lotronex) and eluxadoline (Viberzi). Alosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, works by slowing the movement of stools in the gut, reducing bowel...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management01:21

Inflammatory Bowel Disease V: Surgical Management

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Surgical interventions for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are essential in managing symptoms and addressing complications. The selection of surgical procedures is contingent upon the specific conditions and complications that stem from these illnesses.
Here are some common surgical interventions for IBD:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
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Clostridioides difficile infection: an update.

Federica Salvati1, Francesca Catania1, Rita Murri1,2

  • 1Dipartimento di Sicurezza e Bioetica, Sezione di Malattie Infettive, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.

Le Infezioni in Medicina
|September 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) causes global diarrhea. New treatments like fidaxomicin and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) improve outcomes for this persistent healthcare challenge.

Keywords:
Clostridioides difficilebezlotoxumabfidaxomicin

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Fecal Microbiota Transplantation via Colonoscopy for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is a leading cause of global diarrhea, posing significant healthcare burdens due to high costs and prolonged hospital stays.
  • Hypervirulent strains, like ribotype 027, have driven major outbreaks, while epidemiology shows increasing community-acquired cases alongside hospital-acquired infections.
  • C. difficile transmission occurs via resilient spores, with potential roles for healthcare workers and the food chain, though foodborne transmission is unconfirmed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, pathogenicity, risk factors, and evolving management strategies for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI).
  • To highlight advancements in CDI treatment, including novel therapeutics and their impact on patient outcomes and healthcare systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on C. difficile epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical management.
  • Analysis of treatment outcomes for established and emerging therapies, including antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and monoclonal antibodies.

Main Results:

  • C. difficile infection (CDI) presents a spectrum of illness, from mild diarrhea to life-threatening colitis, with high mortality and recurrence rates.
  • Fidaxomicin demonstrates superior efficacy over vancomycin in reducing CDI recurrence, while fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is effective for recurrent cases.
  • Bezlotoxumab offers promise in preventing CDI recurrence, and severe cases may necessitate surgical intervention.

Conclusions:

  • Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) remains a critical clinical challenge requiring ongoing research for improved patient outcomes.
  • Advances in treatment, including fidaxomicin, FMT, and bezlotoxumab, offer improved management options for CDI, particularly for recurrent infections.
  • Reducing the burden of CDI on healthcare systems necessitates continued investigation into prevention and treatment strategies.