Habitual Coffee, Tea, and Caffeine Consumption, Circulating Metabolites, and the Risk of Cardiometabolic
Xujia Lu1,2, Xiaohong Zhu3, Guochen Li1
1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
Insights
Moderate coffee and caffeine consumption is linked to a reduced risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CM). This includes benefits across various stages of CM development, with specific metabolites playing a role.
Area of Science:
- Nutritional Epidemiology
- Cardiovascular Health
- Metabolomics
Background:
- Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CM) presents a significant public health challenge.
- Existing research suggests inverse links between coffee, tea, and caffeine intake and individual cardiometabolic diseases.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and the risk of new-onset cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CM).
- To explore the relationship between beverage intake and underlying biological markers in relation to CM development.
Main Methods:
- Prospective study utilizing UK Biobank data from over 170,000 participants.
- Analysis of 168 metabolites in a subset of participants.
- CM defined as the presence of at least two conditions: type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, or stroke.
Main Results:
- Nonlinear inverse associations were observed between coffee, tea, and caffeine intake and new-onset CM.
- Moderate consumption (e.g., 3 cups of coffee/day or 200-300 mg caffeine/day) showed the lowest risk.
- Associations were noted across all CM developmental stages, involving 80-97 metabolites.
Conclusions:
- Habitual, moderate coffee or caffeine intake is associated with a lower risk of developing cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CM).
- Coffee and caffeine may influence multiple transition phases in CM development.
- Further research is needed to confirm the role of identified metabolic biomarkers.
Context:
Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CM) is an increasing public health concern. Previous observational studies have suggested inverse associations between coffee, tea, and caffeine intake and risks of individual cardiometabolic diseases; however, their associations with CM and related biological markers are unknown.
Methods:
This prospective study involved 172 315 (for caffeine analysis) and 188 091 (tea and coffee analysis) participants free of any cardiometabolic diseases at baseline from the UK Biobank; 168 metabolites were measured among 88 204 and 96 393 participants. CM was defined as the coexistence of at least 2 of the following conditions: type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and stroke.
Results:
Nonlinear inverse associations of coffee, tea, and caffeine intake with the risk of new-onset CM were observed. Compared with nonconsumers or consumers of less than 100 mg caffeine per day, consumers of moderate amount of coffee (3 drinks/d) or caffeine (200-300 mg/d) had the lowest risk for new-onset CM, with respective hazard ratios (95% CIs) of 0.519 (0.417-0.647) and 0.593 (0.499-0.704). Multistate models revealed that moderate coffee or caffeine intake was inversely associated with risks of almost all developmental stages of CM, including transitions from a disease-free state to single cardiometabolic diseases and subsequently to CM. A total of 80 to 97 metabolites, such as lipid components within very low-density lipoprotein, histidine, and glycoprotein acetyls, were identified to be associated with both coffee, tea, or caffeine intake and incident CM.
Conclusion:
Habitual coffee or caffeine intake, especially at a moderate level, was associated with a lower risk of new-onset CM and could play important roles in almost all transition phases of CM development. Future studies are warranted to validate the implicated metabolic biomarkers underlying the relation between coffee, tea, and caffeine intake and CM.
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