Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.3K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.3K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.1K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.1K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.4K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
2.4K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.0K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Programmable cell culture chips for topographical manipulation of living cells.

Lab on a chip·2025
Same author

Two-photon absorption under few-photon irradiation for optical nanoprinting.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Femtosecond Laser Maskless Optical Projection Lithography of Cartilage PCM Inspired 3D Protein Matrix to Chondrocyte Phenotype.

Advanced healthcare materials·2024
Same author

Multipatterned Chondrocytes' Scaffolds by FL-MOPL with a BSA-GMA Hydrogel to Regulate Chondrocytes' Morphology.

ACS applied bio materials·2024
Same author

Cross-Scale Topography Achieved by MOPL with Positive Photoresist to Regulate the Cell Behavior.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2023
Same author

Dynamic Color-Switching of Hydrogel Micropillar Array under Ethanol Vapor for Optical Encryption.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
07:39

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: June 8, 2016

9.5K

Perspective on Water-Soluble Two-Photon Initiator for Two-Photon Polymerization.

Fan-Chun Bin1,2, Mei-Ling Zheng1

  • 1Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|September 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a water-soluble two-photon initiator (WTPI) for advanced 3D micro/nanostructure fabrication. This breakthrough enhances biocompatibility and efficiency in applications like tissue engineering and drug delivery.

Keywords:
4D printingceramic manufacturingtissue engineeringtwo-photon polymerizationwater-soluble two-photon initiator

More Related Videos

A 'Plug and Play' Method to Create Water-dispersible Nanoassemblies Containing an Amphiphilic Polymer, Organic Dyes and Upconverting Nanoparticles
12:51

A 'Plug and Play' Method to Create Water-dispersible Nanoassemblies Containing an Amphiphilic Polymer, Organic Dyes and Upconverting Nanoparticles

Published on: November 14, 2015

9.8K
Two-Photon-Based Photoactivation in Live Zebrafish Embryos
09:10

Two-Photon-Based Photoactivation in Live Zebrafish Embryos

Published on: December 24, 2010

11.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
07:39

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: June 8, 2016

9.5K
A 'Plug and Play' Method to Create Water-dispersible Nanoassemblies Containing an Amphiphilic Polymer, Organic Dyes and Upconverting Nanoparticles
12:51

A 'Plug and Play' Method to Create Water-dispersible Nanoassemblies Containing an Amphiphilic Polymer, Organic Dyes and Upconverting Nanoparticles

Published on: November 14, 2015

9.8K
Two-Photon-Based Photoactivation in Live Zebrafish Embryos
09:10

Two-Photon-Based Photoactivation in Live Zebrafish Embryos

Published on: December 24, 2010

11.6K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Two-photon polymerization (TPP) enables rapid 3D micro/nanostructure prototyping for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine.
  • High biocompatibility and structural integrity are crucial for these advanced applications.
  • Existing two-photon initiators often lack sufficient water-solubility, initiation efficiency, or biocompatibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel water-soluble two-photon initiator (WTPI) with enhanced properties.
  • To explore the synthesis pathways and nonlinear optical characteristics of the WTPI.
  • To demonstrate the applicability of TPP using WTPI in aqueous environments for various fields.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of WTPI via three distinct chemical pathways.
  • Characterization of nonlinear optical properties.
  • Application of TPP in aqueous phase for fabricating micro/nanostructures.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of a water-soluble two-photon initiator.
  • Demonstration of efficient initiation and fabrication in aqueous media.
  • Successful application in tissue engineering, 4D printing, and ceramic manufacturing.

Conclusions:

  • The developed WTPI offers a promising solution for biocompatible and efficient TPP in aqueous environments.
  • This advancement facilitates the creation of complex 3D structures for biomedical and advanced material applications.
  • Future research should focus on further optimizing WTPI properties and expanding its application scope.