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Capillarity in Fluid

Capillarity in Fluid

Capillarity describes the movement of liquid in small spaces without external forces acting on it. The capillarity is driven by surface tension and adhesive interactions between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. This effect is often seen in narrow tubes, porous materials, and fine particles.
Surface tension is crucial to capillarity. It results from cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the liquid-air boundary, forming a skin that resists external forces. When the capillary tube...

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube

When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.

Surface Tension of Fluid

Surface Tension of Fluid

Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...

Standing Waves in a Cavity

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

Couette Flow

Couette Flow

Couette flow represents the flow of fluid between two parallel plates, with one plate fixed and the other moving with a constant velocity. This configuration allows for a simplified analysis using the Navier-Stokes equations, which govern fluid motion under conditions of viscosity and incompressibility. For Couette flow, the assumptions include a steady, laminar, incompressible flow with a zero-pressure gradient in the flow direction. This flow type is beneficial for understanding shear-driven...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Film Control to Study Contributions of Waves to Droplet Impact Dynamics on Thin Flowing Liquid Films

Film Control to Study Contributions of Waves to Droplet Impact Dynamics on Thin Flowing Liquid Films

Published on: August 18, 2018

Noncapillary Wave Dynamics due to Interfacial Coupling with Plasma Patterns at a Liquid Surface.

Oles Dubrovski¹, Jinyu Yang¹, Felipe Veloso²

¹Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, <a href="https://ror.org/00mkhxb43">University of Notre Dame</a>, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|September 20, 2024

Summary

Researchers discovered new plasma-driven surface waves at liquid interfaces. These waves, distinct from capillary waves, result from resonant coupling and are explained by a novel Maxwell pressure mechanism.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Film Control to Study Contributions of Waves to Droplet Impact Dynamics on Thin Flowing Liquid Films

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Microtensiometer for Confocal Microscopy Visualization of Dynamic Interfaces

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Published on: September 9, 2022

Area of Science:

Plasma physics
Fluid dynamics
Surface science

Background:

Plasma-liquid interfaces exhibit complex phenomena.
Understanding interfacial waves is crucial for various applications.
Traditional capillary waves are governed by surface tension and viscosity.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize novel surface waves at plasma-liquid interfaces.
To elucidate the underlying physical mechanisms driving these waves.
To differentiate these waves from conventional surface waves.

Main Methods:

Investigated resonant coupling between plasma pattern modes and liquid surface wave modes.
Analyzed wave propagation characteristics, including phase velocity and damping.
Proposed a curvature-dependent Maxwell pressure mechanism for explanation.

Main Results:

Identified a new class of surface waves at plasma-liquid interfaces.
Observed slower phase velocity compared to capillary waves.
Demonstrated damping behavior consistent with liquid viscosity, independent of surface tension.
Standing waves formed due to constructive interference of excited waves.

Conclusions:

A novel mechanism involving resonant coupling drives unique interfacial waves.
These plasma-induced waves are nondispersive and influenced by plasma-liquid interactions.
The findings offer new insights into plasma-surface interactions and interfacial dynamics.