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Related Concept Videos

Structures of the Endocrine System00:59

Structures of the Endocrine System

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The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...
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The Endocrine System01:29

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The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...
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Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

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Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
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Transducer Mechanism: G Protein–Coupled Receptors01:30

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G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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An Overview of the Endocrine System01:10

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The endocrine system, a complex network of glands, orchestrates physiological balance within the body through the production and secretion of hormones. These hormones are chemical messengers in intercellular communication, acting as conduits between the secretory cells and distant target sites. They traverse the circulatory system by being released into the extracellular fluid, and their impact is specific to cells possessing receptors for a particular hormone.
The endocrine system collaborates...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

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Exploring endocrine FGFs - structures, functions and biomedical applications.

Phuc Phan1, Gaёtane Ternier1, Oshadi Edirisinghe2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fulbright College of Art and Sciences, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|September 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Endocrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), including FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, regulate metabolism via FGF receptors and klotho co-receptors. This review covers their structures, functions, and biomedical applications.

Keywords:
FGF19FGF21FGF23Fibroblast growth factorsbiomedical applicationsdiabetesendocrine FGFsmetabolic FGFsmetabolic diseasesobesity

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) comprise 22 members with varied cellular roles.
  • Endocrine FGFs (FGF19, FGF21, FGF23) regulate metabolism through hormone-like actions.
  • These FGFs require FGF receptors (FGFRs) and klotho co-receptors (α-klotho, β-klotho) for function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding endocrine FGFs.
  • To summarize structures, physiological functions, and receptor binding mechanisms.
  • To explore novel biomedical applications of FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on endocrine FGFs.
  • Analysis of structural and mechanistic data.
  • Synthesis of physiological and biomedical insights.

Main Results:

  • Endocrine FGFs form complexes with FGFRs and klotho co-receptors.
  • Klotho proteins act as scaffolds, facilitating FGF-FGFR interactions.
  • Diverse physiological roles and potential therapeutic targets identified.

Conclusions:

  • Endocrine FGFs are crucial metabolic regulators.
  • Understanding their molecular interactions is key to therapeutic development.
  • Novel biomedical applications are emerging based on recent research.