The evolution and integration of technology in spinal neurosurgery: A scoping review

Spinal disorders pose a significant global health challenge, affecting nearly 5% of the population and incurring substantial socioeconomic costs. Over time, spinal neurosurgery has evolved from basic 19th-century techniques to today's minimally invasive procedures. The recent integration of technologies such as robotic assistance and advanced imaging has not only improved precision but also reshaped treatment paradigms. This review explores key innovations in imaging, biomaterials, and emerging fields such as AI, examining how they address long-standing challenges in spinal care, including enhancing surgical accuracy and promoting tissue regeneration. Are we at the threshold of a new era in healthcare technology, or are these innovations merely enhancements that may not fundamentally advance clinical care? We aim to answer this question by offering a concise introduction to each technology and discussing in depth its status and challenges, providing readers with a clearer understanding of its actual potential to revolutionize surgical practices.