Broadband and tunable fiber polarizer based on a graphene photonic crystal fiber

The recent flourishing development of two-dimensional (2D) graphene has sparked considerable interest and extensive research on graphene-based optical fiber polarizers. However, studies on graphene-optical fiber polarizers focused on the structure with graphene films attached to side-polished fibers, which face challenges such as low birefringence of 10^-6, low polarization extinction ratio (PER), and narrow polarizing window of tens of nanometers. Here, a fiber polarizer based on a graphene-photonic crystal fiber (Gr-PCF) is proposed firstly, which exhibits high birefringence of ∼2.5 × 10^-3, high PER of ∼111 dB/mm, broad polarizing window of >400 nm, and tunable polarization states. Graphene or graphene/hBN/graphene (Gr/hBN/Gr) heterojunctions are attached to the surface of two square holes in the PCF to make one of the polarizing modes attenuate significantly. The tunability of the Fermi level (E_F) in Gr/hBN/Gr enables the proposed device to function as a polarizer or a polarization-maintaining fiber. The combination of PCF's endless single-mode feature and graphene's broadband optical response feature enables the fiber polarizer to exhibit a wide spectrum range with single-mode transmission characteristics.