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Related Concept Videos

Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.

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4D-printed shape-programmable [H+]-responsive needles for determination of urea.

Yi-Ting Su1, Hsiao-Chu Chiu1, Cheng-Kuan Su1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan, ROC.

Talanta
|October 5, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Four-dimensional printing (4DP) enables novel stimuli-responsive analytical devices. Optimizing shape-programming modes, like helixing needles, significantly enhances urea detection sensitivity and reliability in biological samples.

Keywords:
Enzymatic derivatizationFour-dimensional printingShape programmingStimuli-responsive materialsThree-dimensional printingUrea

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Area of Science:

  • * Materials Science and Engineering
  • * Analytical Chemistry
  • * Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • * Four-dimensional printing (4DP) offers advanced fabrication of stimuli-responsive devices with complex geometries and functions.
  • * The shape-programming capabilities of 4DP devices are crucial for their analytical performance but remain underexplored.
  • * Stimuli-responsive materials enable devices to change shape in response to environmental cues, ideal for sensing applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the impact of shape-programming modes on the analytical performance of 4DP stimuli-responsive devices.
  • * To develop and optimize a 4DP-based sensing device for quantitative urea determination.
  • * To demonstrate the applicability of 4DP in creating advanced chemical sensing platforms.

Main Methods:

  • * Fabrication of bending, helixing, and twisting needles using digital light processing 3D printing with acrylate-based resins and 2-carboxyethyl acrylate (CEA).
  • * Utilizing the pH-dependent swelling of CEA-incorporated parts for shape programming triggered by changes in hydrogen ion concentration ([H+]).
  • * Coupling the shape programming with urease-mediated urea hydrolysis for urea quantification based on shape-programming angles.

Main Results:

  • * The [H+]-dependent swelling of CEA-incorporated 4DP needles enabled shape programming.
  • * Urea determination was achieved by correlating shape-programming angles with urea concentration via urease reaction.
  • * Helixing needles demonstrated optimal analytical performance with a detection limit of 0.9 μM for urea.
  • * The method's reliability was validated in complex biological matrices like human urine, sweat, serum, and plasma.

Conclusions:

  • * Optimizing shape-programming modes is critical for enhancing the analytical performance of 4DP stimuli-responsive sensing devices.
  • * 4DP technology provides a powerful platform for fabricating advanced, stimuli-responsive sensors for chemical analysis.
  • * The developed helixing needle sensor offers a sensitive and reliable method for urea quantification in various biological samples.