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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

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Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
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Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

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Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to...
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Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

31
Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

45
Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
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Updated: May 6, 2026

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans
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Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

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Stealth cryptococcus in an immunocompetent patient.

Emily Ryan1, Gia Jackson1, Larry Nichols1

  • 1Mercer University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Clinical Science Education, Macon, GA, USA.

Autopsy & Case Reports
|October 7, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cryptococcosis can be fatal in immunocompetent individuals, often presenting subtly. Early diagnosis is crucial, as this case highlights potential misdiagnoses of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis.

Keywords:
CryptococcosisDiagnosis, DifferentialHeadacheImmunocompetenceMeningitis

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology
  • Medical Mycology

Background:

  • Cryptococcosis typically affects immunocompromised individuals.
  • Headaches in immunocompetent patients can mask serious infections like cryptococcosis.
  • Subtle clinical signs can complicate early diagnosis in partially immunocompetent hosts.

Observation:

  • A case of fatal cryptococcosis initially misdiagnosed as sinus headache via telephone.
  • Further misdiagnosis as aseptic meningitis occurred due to mild symptoms and negative CSF cultures.
  • Autopsy revealed severe, unsuspected cryptococcal meningoencephalitis.

Findings:

  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) nucleic acid amplification (NAA) panels can aid in diagnosing cryptococcal meningitis.
  • NAA panels may yield false positives, necessitating confirmation with cryptococcal antigen tests and cultures.
  • Cryptococcal antigen testing and maintaining a broad differential diagnosis are vital for all meningitis cases.

Implications:

  • Highlights the challenge of diagnosing cryptococcosis in immunocompetent patients.
  • Emphasizes the importance of advanced diagnostic tools like NAA panels and antigen testing.
  • Underscores the need for vigilance and a comprehensive differential diagnosis in meningitis management.