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Cognitive Disorders in Type 1 Diabetes: Role of Brain Glucose Variation, Insulin Activity, and Glucocorticoid

Julie Brossaud1,2, Pascal Barat1,3, Marie-Pierre Moisan1

  • 1Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeurO, UMR 1286, Team NutriPsy, Bordeaux, France.

Neuroendocrinology
|October 14, 2024
PubMed

Insights

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) increasingly affect children, impacting brain development and cognitive function. This review explores how diabetes influences cognition and brain structure, especially in young patients.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Rising global incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), particularly in children.
  • Diabetes is linked to significant neuropsychological impairments, with the developing brain being especially vulnerable.
  • Specific effects of diabetes on cognitive function, especially in pediatric populations, require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of diabetes on cognitive function and brain structure.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which T1D contributes to cognitive dysfunction in children and adolescents.
  • To highlight the role of hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and glucocorticoids in diabetes-related neuropsychological disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature synthesis of studies on diabetes, cognition, and brain changes.
  • Focus on pediatric populations to minimize confounding factors from comorbidities.
  • Examination of data and hypotheses applicable to both T1D and T2D where T1D-specific mechanisms are unavailable.

Main Results:

  • Diabetes significantly impacts cognitive function and brain structure.
  • Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and glucocorticoids are implicated in neuropsychological disorders.
  • Children and adolescents with T1D exhibit unique vulnerabilities due to ongoing brain maturation.

Conclusions:

  • Diabetes poses a considerable risk for cognitive impairment, particularly in the young.
  • Understanding T1D's effects on the pediatric brain is crucial for early intervention.
  • Further research is needed to fully delineate the complex interplay between diabetes and cognitive health.
Abstract

Keywords:
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenaseCortisolHippocampusMemoryMetabolism

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