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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

1.7K
Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
1.7K
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

1.0K
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

430
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
430
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

521
The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
521
Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

575
Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
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Optimization of Crystal Growth for Neutron Macromolecular Crystallography
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Crystal Patterning from Aqueous Solutions via Solutal Instabilities.

Samantha A McBride1,2, Severine Atis3, Amir A Pahlavan4

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|October 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Harnessing fluid instabilities during evaporative self-assembly allows for controlled creation of nanoscale patterns. This method uses calcium sulfate crystallization on various substrates to generate diverse structures for microfabrication applications.

Keywords:
dropsgypsumhydrophilicityinterfacesnanoengineeringsurface modificationwetting

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Fluid instabilities offer pathways for self-assembly of nanoscale and microscale patterns.
  • Evaporative self-assembly from drops, while versatile, lacks precise control over pattern morphology.
  • Simultaneous temperature and solutal gradients drive various fluid instabilities in evaporating drops.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate controlled self-assembly of distinct crystalline patterns using evaporative methods.
  • To investigate the influence of substrate properties and evaporation dynamics on pattern formation.
  • To explore the application of self-assembled crystal patterns as masks in microfabrication.

Main Methods:

  • Evaporation of water drops containing calcium sulfate on hydrophilic and superhydrophilic substrates.
  • Analysis of pattern formation as a function of contact line dynamics and evaporation rates.
  • Investigation of underlying physical mechanisms including Marangoni flows and forced wetting/dewetting.

Main Results:

  • Emergence of distinct crystalline patterns: hexagonal arrays, branches, and sawtooth structures.
  • Correlation between pattern regimes, contact line dynamics, and evaporation rates.
  • Demonstration of self-assembled crystal patterns as effective, removable masks for microfabrication.

Conclusions:

  • Evaporative self-assembly, guided by fluid instabilities, enables controlled fabrication of diverse microscale patterns.
  • Marangoni flows and wetting/dewetting phenomena are key mechanisms for instability-driven self-assembly.
  • The generated crystalline patterns serve as versatile and sustainable masks for microfabrication processes.