A Novel Approach to Waste Recycling and Dye Removal: Lithium-Functionalized Nanoparticle Zeolites

A zeolitic sample, named MT-ZLSH, was synthesized using mining tailings (MT) as the precursor material, resulting in a structure comprising: Linde type A (LTA) and sodalite-hydroxysodalite (ZLSH). This naming convention reflects the material's origin and its structural characteristics. The material was further modified by incorporating lithium, producing MT-ZLSH-Li⁺. Physicochemical characterizations were performed, and the material was evaluated for its potential to remove methylene blue (MB) from synthetic wastewater through adsorption and photocatalysis. Efficient adsorption was observed under typical wastewater pH conditions, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 23.4 mg·g^-1, which fit well with the Langmuir isotherm model. The key mechanisms governing MB adsorption were identified as ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, and hydrogen bonding. The adsorption process was exothermic, with kinetic data fitting both the pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models, achieving 82% removal and a maximum adsorption capacity of 40 mg·g^-1 over 12 h. MB adsorption followed a two-step process, initially involving film diffusion, followed by intraparticle diffusion. Additionally, photocatalytic degradation of MB achieved 77% degradation within 180 min. However, a decrease in reusability was observed during a second cycle of MB adsorption and photodegradation, highlighting the need for further optimization to enhance the material's long-term performance.