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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Functional Bidirectionality of ERV-Derived Long Non-Coding RNAs in Humans.

Yanmei Song1,2, Hongling Wen1, Xiuli Zhai2,3

  • 1Department of Microbiological Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, Jinan 250012, China.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and their derived long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in human diseases, including cancer. These ERV-derived lncRNAs show dual roles, offering potential as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
endogenous retroviruseslong non-coding RNAsmechanismphysiological and pathological regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are integrated into the human genome and were once considered 'junk DNA'.
  • Aberrant HERV activation is linked to various human diseases, notably cancer.
  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) transcribed from HERVs play crucial roles in biological functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological roles of HERV-derived lncRNAs.
  • To highlight the pathological implications of aberrant HERV-derived lncRNA expression in carcinogenesis.
  • To discuss the potential of these lncRNAs as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on HERV-derived lncRNAs.
  • Analysis of their roles in physiological processes like immunomodulation, pluripotency, and erythropoiesis.
  • Examination of mechanisms underlying their aberrant activation in cancer development.

Main Results:

  • HERV-derived lncRNAs are involved in essential physiological functions.
  • Aberrant expression of these lncRNAs can promote or suppress tumor development, demonstrating functional bidirectionality.
  • Specific HERV elements and their transcribed lncRNAs play critical roles in disease pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • HERV-derived lncRNAs are key regulators with significant roles in both normal physiology and disease.
  • Their dual tumor-suppressive and oncogenic effects present them as promising novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer.
  • Further research into the precise relationship between HERVs, lncRNAs, and cancer is warranted.