Harnessing plasticity in sequential metamaterials for ideal shock absorption

Mechanical metamaterials exhibit interesting properties such as high stiffness at low density^1-3, enhanced energy absorption^3,4, shape morphing^5-7, sequential deformations^8-11, auxeticity^12-14 and robust waveguiding^15,16. Until now, metamaterial design has primarily relied on geometry, and materials nonlinearities such as viscoelasticity, fracture and plasticity have been largely left out of the design rationale. In fact, plastic deformations have been traditionally seen as a failure mode and thereby carefully avoided^1,3,17,18. Here we embrace plasticity instead and discover a delicate balance between plasticity and buckling instability, which we term 'yield buckling'. We exploit yield buckling to design metamaterials that buckle sequentially in an arbitrary large sequence of steps whilst keeping a load-bearing capacity. We make use of sequential yield buckling to create metamaterials that combine stiffness and dissipation-two properties that are usually incompatible-and that can be used several times. Hence, our metamaterials exhibit superior shock-absorption performance. Our findings add plasticity to the metamaterial toolbox and make mechanical metamaterials a burgeoning technology with serious potential for mass production.