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The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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Updated: Jun 10, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Single-Entry Point Endoscopic Intraventricular Approach for Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy
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[Congenital basal encephaloceles involving functionally important structures].

N A Chernikova1, L A Satanin1, E V Shelesko1

  • 1Burdenko Neurosurgical Center, Moscow, Russia.

Zhurnal Voprosy Neirokhirurgii Imeni N. N. Burdenko
|October 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Basal encephaloceles involving critical brain structures are rare but often present with other anomalies. Comprehensive evaluation is vital for individualized treatment planning due to high surgical risks and potential complications.

Keywords:
basal encephaloceleskull baseskull base surgerysphenoethmoidal encephaloceletranssphenoidal encephalocele

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pediatric Surgery

Background:

  • Basal encephaloceles are rare congenital defects where brain tissue protrudes through the skull base.
  • These defects can involve critical neurological structures such as the pituitary gland, optic chiasm, and cerebral vessels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze cases of basal encephaloceles involving functionally important structures.
  • To understand the clinical presentation, associated anomalies, and treatment outcomes for these rare conditions.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of 43 articles encompassing 78 cases of basal encephaloceles.
  • Analysis included transsphenoidal and sphenoethmoidal hernia types.
  • Data extraction focused on clinical manifestations, comorbidities, and treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • Nasal breathing disorders (76.9%) and decreased visual acuity (53.8%) were common symptoms.
  • Concomitant malformations were present in 85.9% of cases, with higher rates in sphenoethmoidal encephaloceles.
  • Surgical treatment (73.1%) carried significant risks, including endocrine disorders (33.3%) and infectious complications (14%), with a 3.5% mortality rate.

Conclusions:

  • Congenital basal encephalocele involving critical structures is extremely rare and often associated with other anomalies.
  • Individualized treatment strategies are essential, balancing the risks of surgery against conservative management.
  • Thorough pre-operative assessment is crucial to identify involved structures and associated conditions to minimize surgical complications.