Disseminated Cryptococcus over pancreas, lung, and brain: a case report

Cryptococcus is an opportunistic infection acquired through inhalation from the environment, primarily affecting individuals with compromised immune systems. It typically leads to pneumonia upon passing through lung tissue. The infection can disseminate to various organs via the bloodstream, resulting in meningitis or encephalitis in the central nervous system. Disseminated Cryptococcus has been reported to involve the skin, liver, eyes, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, kidneys, and intestines, significantly increasing morbidity and mortality. However, pancreatic involvement in Cryptococcus is relatively rare, and a few case reports have highlighted severe organ damage and high mortality rates.

In this case report, we present the case of a 36-year-old Asian man who presented with a 2-week history of headaches and blurred vision in his right eye. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple brain masses, along with a mass in the lower left lung field and a tumor in the pancreatic tail, as detected by chest computed tomography. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy and computed tomography-guided lung biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of disseminated cryptococcal infection involving the pancreas, lung, and brain. The patient's clinical condition improved following antifungal therapy. Additionally, we identified anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor antibody as a risk factor for disseminated cryptococcal infection in this patient.

Disseminated cryptococcosis can be a potentially lethal condition, as highlighted by previous literature. However, early diagnosis using contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsies, as well as prompt treatment as demonstrated in our case, can improve outcomes and prevent mortality.