[Research progress of biomaterial modification strategies to induce immune response in bone microenvironment]

Currently, there is a prevalent issue of immune regulation defects in biological materials, which hinders their widespread application for promoting bone defect repair due to the inability to induce a favorable immune microenvironment. The key to solving this problem lies in actively modulating the immune response in the bone microenvironment by modifying various physicochemical properties of biomaterials. This paper reviews the research progress on modifying biomaterials through strategies such as structural and compositional adjustments, surface enhancements, and modifications with loaded immunoreactive factors. Specifically, it focuses on pore size and structure, dopant materials (metal), surface morphology, charge, hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, roughness, and loading with different immunoreactive factors to induce immune responses within the bone microenvironment. The aim is to offer insights for the further development of biomaterials with superior immunomodulatory properties.