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Leveraging Blood Components for 3D Printing Applications Through Programmable Ink Engineering Approaches.

Rita Sobreiro-Almeida1, Sara C Santos1, Monize C Decarli2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.

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|October 25, 2024
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Summary

This study engineered tunable inks from low-viscosity blood materials for 3D printing. The method enhances protein inks for robust, bioactive scaffolds, enabling precision medicine applications.

Keywords:
3D printingalbuminhydrogelink engineeringphotocrosslinkingplatelet lysatesprotein

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Low-viscosity blood-derived materials like platelet lysates (PL) and albumins (BSA) are highly bioactive but challenging to 3D print due to poor viscoelastic properties.
  • Developing printable bioinks is crucial for creating complex tissue scaffolds and advancing precision medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a tunable ink engineering methodology for 3D printing processability of low-viscosity, bioactive blood-derived materials.
  • To enhance the viscoelasticity and shear-thinning behavior of protein solutions for improved 3D printing.
  • To create mechanically robust and bioactive scaffolds for potential use in regenerative medicine and precision medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Covalent coupling of amine groups on PL and BSA with carboxyl groups on methacrylated proteins (hPLMA and BSAMA) using carbodiimide chemistry.
  • Creation of a pre-gel with tunable viscosity and elasticity by controlling the reaction.
  • 3D printing of multilayered constructs followed by photocrosslinking.
  • Evaluation of shape fidelity, mechanical properties, protein release, and bioactivity with human adipose-derived stem cells.

Main Results:

  • Successfully engineered printable inks from low-viscosity protein solutions (≈ 1 Pa) with controlled rheological properties.
  • 3D-printed constructs exhibited excellent shape fidelity, reaching clinically relevant sizes (>2 cm).
  • Photocrosslinked scaffolds demonstrated mechanical robustness, sustained protein release, and enhanced human adipose-derived stem cell viability and metabolic activity.

Conclusions:

  • The developed ink engineering methodology enables the 3D printing of previously unprintable, highly bioactive blood-derived materials.
  • This approach facilitates the creation of mechanically stable and cell-responsive scaffolds for tissue engineering.
  • The methodology offers a promising platform for utilizing patient-specific blood components in precision medicine and regenerative therapies.