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Updated: Jun 9, 2025

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4D-printed intelligent reflecting surface with improved beam resolution via both phase modulation and space

Kyounghwan Kim1, Ratanak Phon2, Eiyong Park3

  • 1Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.

Microsystems & Nanoengineering
|October 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) now combine phase and space modulation for enhanced beam steering in wireless communications. This novel approach improves resolution and covers previously unaddressed areas, advancing 5G/6G technology.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Electromagnetics
  • Wireless Communication

Background:

  • Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRSs) are crucial for 5G/6G wireless communication, addressing line-of-sight issues by manipulating reflected beams.
  • Current IRSs using only phase modulation offer discrete beam steering, leaving gaps in coverage.
  • There is a need for enhanced beam resolution and continuous coverage in wireless communication systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel IRS design incorporating both phase and space modulation.
  • To improve beam resolution and continuously cover areas missed by phase-only modulation.
  • To demonstrate the effectiveness of this hybrid IRS for wireless communication applications.

Main Methods:

  • A unit cell with a positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diode for phase modulation was designed.
  • A 4D-printed reconfigurable structure was fabricated to implement space modulation.
  • Theoretical, numerical, and experimental analyses were conducted to verify the beam-steering capabilities.

Main Results:

  • The proposed IRS achieved additional beam steering angles of -46°/+50°, -22°/+14°, and -16°/+12° with space modulation.
  • Phase modulation alone provided angles of -60°/+62°, -30°/+22°, and ±16°.
  • The hybrid approach demonstrated improved beam resolution and coverage of out-of-beam areas.

Conclusions:

  • The IRS utilizing both phase and space modulation significantly enhances beam resolution and coverage.
  • This technology offers a pathway for functional integration in diverse indoor wireless communication applications.
  • The hybrid IRS design represents a significant advancement in beam steering for future wireless networks.