Cell shape and orientation control galvanotactic accuracy

Eukaryotic cells sense and follow electric fields during wound healing and embryogenesis - this is called galvanotaxis. Galvanotaxis is believed to be driven by the redistribution of "sensors" - potentially transmembrane proteins or other molecules - through electrophoresis and electroosmosis. Here, we update our previous model of the limits of galvanotaxis due to the stochasticity of sensor movements to account for cell shape and orientation. Computing the Fisher information shows that, in principle, cells have more information about the electric field direction when their long axis is parallel to the field. However, for weak fields, maximum-likelihood estimators may have lower variability when the cell's long axis is perpendicular to the field. In an alternate possibility, we find that if cells instead estimate the field direction by taking the average of all the sensor locations as its directional cue ("vector sum"), this introduces a bias towards the short axis, an effect not present for isotropic cells. We also explore the possibility that cell elongation arises downstream of sensor redistribution. We argue that if sensors migrate to the cell's rear, the cell will tend to expand perpendicular the field - as is more commonly observed - but if sensors migrate to the front, the cell will tend to elongate parallel to the field.