Digital Dark Field-Higher Contrast and Greater Specificity Dark Field Imaging Using a 4DSTEM Approach

A new method for dark field imaging is introduced, which uses scanned electron diffraction (or 4DSTEM-4-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy) datasets as its input. Instead of working on simple summation of intensity, it works on a sparse representation of the diffraction patterns in terms of a list of their diffraction peaks. This is tested on a thin perovskite film containing structural ordering resulting in additional superlattice spots that reveal details of domain structures, and is shown to give much better selectivity and contrast than conventional virtual dark field imaging. It is also shown to work well in polycrystalline aggregates of CuO nanoparticles. In view of the higher contrast and selectivity, and the complete exclusion of diffuse scattering from the image formation, it is expected to be of significant benefit for characterization of a wide variety of crystalline materials.