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Prevention of Anal Cancer.

Maseray S Kamara¹, Gifty Kwakye²

¹Department of Surgery, Trinity Health Ann Arbor, 5325 Elliott Drive, Suite 104, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA.

Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America

|November 15, 2024

Summary

Anal cancer incidence is rising, primarily squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Prevention focuses on HPV vaccination and managing risk factors, with treatment of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions showing promise.

Keywords:

Anal cancer prevention Anal pap test High resolution anoscopy Human papillomavirus Screening

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Published on: September 21, 2015

Area of Science:

Oncology
Epidemiology
Public Health

Background:

Anal cancer, predominantly squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), shows a concerning annual increase in incidence.
Key risk factors include human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, HIV/AIDS, immunosuppression, smoking, and specific sexual practices.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current prevention, screening, and treatment strategies for anal cancer.
To highlight the importance of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and management of precursor lesions.

Main Methods:

Literature review of anal cancer prevention, risk factors, and screening modalities.
Analysis of the significance of the Anal Cancer-HSIL Outcomes Research trial in validating treatment protocols.

Main Results:

Prevention strategies emphasize HPV vaccination and mitigation of known risk factors.
Treatment of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) is validated as a method to prevent SCC development.
Current screening methods include digital rectal examination, Pap smear, HPV testing, and high-resolution anoscopy.

Conclusions:

Standardized anal cancer screening guidelines are currently lacking.
Future efforts should focus on streamlining screening protocols and increasing public awareness to combat rising anal cancer incidence.