NMR and molecular simulation studies on the structure elucidation of the amphotericin B ion channel using ¹³C and ¹⁹F...

Amphotericin B (AmB) has been clinically used for serious fungal infections for over 60 years. The drug is characterized by its specific recognition of ergosterol (Erg) in the fungal cell membrane. AmB and Erg form an ion-channel assembly, which is thought to play a major role in the antibiotic activity of AmB. The precise structure of the ion channel in fungal membranes still remains unelucidated. Recently, the structure of an AmB assembly formed in artificial lipid bilayers was determined using solid-state NMR and molecular dynamics simulations. The structure elucidation was made possible by using ¹³C- and ¹⁹F-labelled AmBs, which were efficiently synthesized using strategies and methods established in previous studies. This review focuses on the structure of the AmB ion channel, which accounts for the antibiotic activity. Additionally, the chemical syntheses of isotope-labelled AmB and Erg used for the structural studies are also reviewed. Solid-state NMR spectra of the labelled AmBs were recorded to measure the distances between labelled sites in the AmB-Erg assembly in lipid bilayers, revealing that the ion channel consisting of seven molecules of AmB spans the bilayer with a single molecule length. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations showed that the conductance of this AmB channel is comparable with those by single-channel recording. The simulations also demonstrated that Erg stabilizes the ion-channel assemblies more efficiently than human cholesterol. The atomic-level structure of the AmB channel in the artificial bilayer will help us to understand the mechanisms of the pharmacological actions and adverse effects of AmB.