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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

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Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

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Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
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Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

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Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
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Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

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Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2025

Creating Dynamic Images of Short-lived Dopamine Fluctuations with lp-ntPET: Dopamine Movies of Cigarette Smoking
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Addiction Medicine: Tobacco Use Disorder.

Brian C Reed1, Maureen O Grissom2, Michelle A Carroll Turpin3

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences - Tilman J. Fertitta Family College of Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, TX.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tobacco use causes preventable disease and death. Combining behavioral therapy with medications like varenicline significantly increases smoking cessation success rates.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Pharmacology
  • Addiction Medicine

Background:

  • Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death in the US, with 18.7% of adults currently using tobacco products.
  • Nicotine in tobacco triggers dopamine release in the brain, creating reward sensations and stress relief, leading to addiction.
  • Effective strategies to reduce tobacco use include public policy changes, behavioral interventions, and pharmacologic approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of tobacco use as a public health issue.
  • To review the efficacy of combined behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation.
  • To highlight approved pharmacologic treatments for smoking cessation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of data from the National Health Interview Survey on tobacco use prevalence.
  • Analysis of the neurobiological mechanisms of nicotine addiction.
  • Examination of evidence supporting various smoking cessation interventions, including pharmacotherapy and behavioral therapy.

Main Results:

  • Combining behavioral therapy with pharmacotherapy demonstrates increased smoking cessation rates.
  • The US Food and Drug Administration has approved several nicotine replacement therapies and two non-nicotine oral medications.
  • Varenicline, a selective partial agonist, is recommended over bupropion for smoking cessation due to its efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Tobacco cessation interventions, particularly combined approaches, are crucial for public health.
  • Pharmacologic options, including nicotine replacement therapy and varenicline, play a vital role in aiding cessation.
  • Varenicline is a recommended first-line pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation.