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Types of Toxins

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2026

ELIME Enzyme Linked Immuno Magnetic Electrochemical Method for Mycotoxin Detection

ELIME Enzyme Linked Immuno Magnetic Electrochemical Method for Mycotoxin Detection

Published on: October 23, 2009

65 Years on-Aflatoxin Biomarkers Blossoming: Whither Next?

Thomas W Kensler¹, David L Eaton²

¹Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

|November 26, 2024

Summary

Aflatoxins, potent carcinogens found in grains and nuts, pose significant health risks. Research highlights the development of biomarkers to track exposure and understand their link to diseases like liver cancer.

Keywords:

aflatoxin B1 aflatoxin–N7–guanine aflatoxin–albumin adduct biomarkers exposome liver cancer validation

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RNAi-mediated Control of Aflatoxins in Peanut: Method to Analyze Mycotoxin Production and Transgene Expression in the Peanut/Aspergillus Pathosystem

RNAi-mediated Control of Aflatoxins in Peanut: Method to Analyze Mycotoxin Production and Transgene Expression in the Peanut/Aspergillus Pathosystem

Published on: December 21, 2015

Area of Science:

Toxicology
Biochemistry
Public Health

Background:

Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus species, commonly contaminating grains and nuts like maize and peanuts.
First identified in 1960 following a poisoning outbreak in turkeys (Turkey X disease), aflatoxins were later characterized as potent natural carcinogens.
Their toxic effects and presence in the human diet have been recognized for millennia.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight Professor John D. Groopman's contributions to understanding aflatoxin exposure and its health effects.
To showcase the development and application of analytical methods for measuring aflatoxin biomarkers.
To establish a framework for using chemical-specific biomarkers to investigate exposure-disease relationships, particularly concerning dietary aflatoxins and liver cancer.

Main Methods:

Development of analytical methods over 40+ years to measure aflatoxin exposure biomarkers.
Utilized urinary (aflatoxin-N7-guanine) and serum (aflatoxin-albumin adducts) biomarkers.
Application of these methods in experimental and clinical studies to probe exposure-disease relationships.

Main Results:

Demonstrated the utility of aflatoxin biomarkers in experimental and clinical settings.
Established a strong link between dietary aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer.
Provided a foundational "aflatoxin paradigm" for biomarker research.

Conclusions:

Chemical-specific biomarkers are crucial tools for understanding exposure-disease relationships.
The "aflatoxin paradigm" serves as a model for future research on diverse environmental exposures.
Continued development of biomarker measurement techniques is essential for public health globally.