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Parallel Processing

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex

Published on: December 19, 2012

Fully Automated and AI-Assisted Optical Fiber Sensing System for Multiplexed and Continuous Brain Monitoring.

Yuqian Zhang¹, Naihan Zhang^1,2, Yubing Hu¹

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.

|December 4, 2024

Summary

This study presents a novel fiber optic sensor for continuous, simultaneous monitoring of six cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. The system accurately tracks brain changes in injury models and clinical samples, aiding real-time patient management.

Keywords:

brain monitoring fiber optics fluorescent sensor machine learning modeling multiplexed sensing

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Last Updated: May 3, 2026

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex

Published on: December 19, 2012

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

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Published on: December 2, 2015

Real-Time Monitoring of Neurocritical Patients with Diffuse Optical Spectroscopies

Real-Time Monitoring of Neurocritical Patients with Diffuse Optical Spectroscopies

Published on: November 19, 2020

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Neuroscience
Optical Sensing Technology

Background:

Continuous brain monitoring is vital for detecting functional changes and enabling timely interventions.
Current systems lack the capability for simultaneous, accurate monitoring of multiple cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers.
Need for advanced sensing technologies for real-time physiological assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a multiplexed optical fiber sensing system for continuous, simultaneous monitoring of six CSF biomarkers.
To integrate machine learning for real-time spectral analysis and biomarker concentration readout.
To evaluate the system's performance in traumatic brain injury models and clinical CSF samples.

Main Methods:

Utilized tip-functionalized optical fibers for sensing multiple CSF biomarkers.
Developed and optimized machine learning models for real-time spectral analysis.
Tested the system using ex vivo traumatic brain injury models and clinical CSF samples.

Main Results:

The developed system demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity for six biomarkers (temperature, dissolved oxygen, glucose, pH, Na+, Ca2+) with a diameter < 2.5 mm.
Accurately identified brain physiology deterioration and recovery in traumatic brain injury models.
Achieved high accuracy (R2 > 0.93) in tracking biomarker fluctuations in clinical CSF samples.

Conclusions:

The machine learning-assisted fiber optic sensing system offers precise, continuous monitoring of multiple CSF biomarkers.
The system shows significant potential for real-time intraoperative and postoperative brain monitoring.
Highlights the utility of automated, multiplexed optical sensing for advancing neurocritical care.