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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Published on: February 19, 2015

Webcams as Windows to the Mind? A Direct Comparison Between In-Lab and Web-Based Eye-Tracking Methods.

Mieke Sarah Slim^1,2, Margaret Kandel³, Anthony Yacovone^3,4

¹Language Development Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands.

Open Mind : Discoveries in Cognitive Science

|December 10, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Webcam eye-tracking methods show promise for online research. Manual annotation captures subtle effects, while WebGazer is less accurate for fine-grained analysis.

Keywords:

WebGazer eye-tracking language processing psycholinguistics real-time processing visual world paradigm web-based experimentation

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Area of Science:

Behavioral research
Human-computer interaction
Psycholinguistics

Background:

Growing interest in internet-based eye-tracking experiments using webcams.
Need to assess performance of webcam-based techniques against traditional methods.

Purpose of the Study:

Evaluate manual eye-tracking and WebGazer algorithm for behavioral research.
Compare webcam methods to infrared eye-tracking in lab and web settings.

Main Methods:

Compared manual eye-tracking and WebGazer to infrared eye-tracking.
Used five tasks (fixation and visual world) in lab and web experiments.
Collected simultaneous data from different eye-tracking methods.

Main Results:

Manual eye-tracking detected both large and small effects, similar to infrared.
WebGazer showed reduced accuracy for short, subtle effects.
No significant difference in performance based on lab vs. web setting.

Conclusions:

Webcam-based eye-tracking methods suit different analytical needs.
Manual annotation is more sensitive to subtle effects than WebGazer.
Guidance is offered for researchers conducting online eye-tracking studies.