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Updated: Jun 5, 2025

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Is personal identity intransitive?

Julian De Freitas1, Lance J Rips2

  • 1Marketing Unit, Harvard Business School, Harvard University.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People may make judgments suggesting multiple personal identities, but this doesn't mean they truly think of identity as intransitive. Research shows individuals typically shift identification to a single person, not embrace multiple selves simultaneously.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Philosophy of Mind

Background:

  • Recent studies suggest individuals can psychologically represent multiple people, including themselves, as distinct individuals simultaneously.
  • This challenges the traditional, transitive understanding of personal identity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether intransitive judgments about personal identity reflect an underlying intransitive concept of identity.
  • To determine if psychological representations of self can genuinely encompass multiple individuals concurrently.

Main Methods:

  • Manipulation of factors influencing transitivity versus intransitivity in personal identity judgments.
  • Analysis of participant responses under varying conditions, including identical individuals and practical commitment considerations.
  • Inclusion of experiments assessing the ability to simultaneously imagine multiple perspectives.

Main Results:

  • Most participants favored transitive judgments when any basis for distinguishing individuals existed.
  • Participants shifted their personal identification to a single individual based on competitive strength, rather than identifying with both.
  • Transitive judgments increased when participants considered practical commitments, and participants reported difficulty imagining two perspectives simultaneously.

Conclusions:

  • Intransitive judgments observed in prior research may not accurately reflect an intransitive psychological concept of personal identity.
  • Evidence suggests that personal identity is predominantly conceptualized transitively, even when faced with scenarios that could imply multiplicity.
  • The findings challenge the notion of simultaneous psychological representation of multiple distinct personal identities.