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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
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Tuning Colloidal Reactions.

Ryan K Krueger1, Ella M King2,3, Michael P Brenner1,4

  • 1School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, <a href="https://ror.org/03vek6s52">Harvard University</a>, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.

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Scientists designed complex chemical reactions in tiny particles using differentiable simulators. This allows for controlled disassembly and particle release, paving the way for new synthetic materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Colloidal science and materials chemistry.
  • Synthetic chemistry and reaction design.
  • Computational modeling and simulation.

Background:

  • Precise control over complex reactions is vital for biological systems.
  • Designing synthetic analogs with specific outcomes remains a challenge.
  • Current methods lack the ability to engineer complex reaction pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for designing nontrivial reaction pathways in colloidal assemblies.
  • To achieve controlled disassembly and particle release from colloidal structures.
  • To understand and parameterize designed colloidal reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraging differentiable simulators for reaction pathway design.
  • Optimizing external structures to control colloidal assembly and disassembly.
  • Utilizing forward calculations and optimization to characterize configurational entropy.

Main Results:

  • Successfully designed nontrivial reaction pathways in colloidal assemblies.
  • Achieved controlled disassembly and specific particle release from colloidal shells.
  • Characterized the influence of configurational entropy on colloidal structures.

Conclusions:

  • Differentiable simulators enable the design of complex colloidal reactions.
  • External structure optimization provides control over particle release.
  • Understanding configurational entropy enhances the design of synthetic colloidal reactions.