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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

44.2K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

8.7K
The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Updated: Jun 5, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Olfactory Influences on Corticospinal Excitability - Insights and Innovations in Neurological Research
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Olfactory neurofeedback: current state and possibilities for further development.

Ivan Ninenko1,2, Alexandra Medvedeva3, Victoria L Efimova4

  • 1Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|December 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory neurofeedback (O-NFB) integrates smell into brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for neurological rehabilitation and consumer applications. This approach leverages olfactory stimuli and electroencephalography (EEG) to enhance brain plasticity and cognitive processing.

Keywords:
BCIEEGNFBolfactionolfactory processing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) offer novel therapeutic and assistive technologies.
  • Olfactory neurofeedback (O-NFB) is an emerging BCI paradigm utilizing olfactory stimuli.
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) is a key modality for monitoring brain activity in O-NFB systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the integration of olfactory stimuli within BCI control loops.
  • To investigate the potential of EEG-based O-NFB for neurological rehabilitation and consumer applications.
  • To examine the use of EEG theta and alpha rhythms as control variables for O-NFB.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an olfactory-based instructed-delay task.
  • Probing EEG theta and alpha rhythms as control variables for O-NFB.
  • Discussion of O-NFB implementation strategies, including olfactory displays and EEG features.

Main Results:

  • EEG theta and alpha rhythms show potential as control variables for O-NFB.
  • Olfactory stimuli can be effectively integrated into BCI control loops.
  • Synchronization with respiratory rhythms is crucial for optimizing O-NFB.

Conclusions:

  • O-NFB holds significant promise for medical applications, particularly in neurological disorder rehabilitation.
  • The unique properties of olfaction can be harnessed within BCIs to promote brain plasticity.
  • O-NFB systems are expected to advance both clinical practice and fundamental neuroscience research.