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Crossover Experiments

Crossover Experiments

Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Dynamic Quantitative Sensory Testing to Characterize Central Pain Processing

Dynamic Quantitative Sensory Testing to Characterize Central Pain Processing

Published on: February 16, 2017

Human cold pain: a randomized crossover trial.

Felix J Resch¹, Stefan Heber¹, Farzin Shahi¹

¹Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

|December 18, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Investigating human cold pain mechanisms, this study found that blocking key channels like TRPA1, TRPM8, and NaV1.7 did not eliminate cold pain but did lower the temperature threshold for its perception.

Keywords:

Cold pain Human pain model Pain threshold Randomized controlled trial Sensory neurons TRPA1 TRPM8

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

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Published on: February 16, 2017

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Pain Research
Molecular Biology

Background:

The precise molecular mechanisms underlying human cold pain remain unclear.
Animal studies implicate transient receptor potential channels (TRPM8, TRPA1) in cold detection and voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV1.7, NaV1.8) in signal conduction.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the roles of TRPM8, TRPA1, NaV1.7, and NaV1.8 in human cold pain perception using a novel intradermal injection model.
To determine if blocking these channels can alleviate cold-induced pain.

Main Methods:

Development of an intradermal injection-based cold pain model in 36 human volunteers.
Pharmacological blockade of TRPM8, TRPA1, NaV1.7, and NaV1.8 using antagonists in a double-blinded crossover design.
Lidocaine served as a positive control for pain reduction.

Main Results:

Lidocaine significantly reduced cold-induced pain.
Blockade of individual or combined TRPM8, TRPA1, NaV1.7, and NaV1.8 channels did not substantially reduce cold pain intensity.
Inhibition of TRPA1, TRPM8, and NaV1.7, and to a lesser extent NaV1.8, shifted the cold pain temperature threshold downwards by up to 5.8°C.

Conclusions:

The investigated channels (TRPM8, TRPA1, NaV1.7, NaV1.8) are not solely responsible for human cold pain detection or conduction.
These channels appear to modulate the temperature threshold for cold pain perception.
Additional molecular mechanisms contributing to human cold pain require further investigation.