Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

191
Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
191
Constraints and Statical Determinacy01:26

Constraints and Statical Determinacy

543
In structural engineering, the equilibrium of a system is not only determined by its equations of equilibrium but also with the help of constraints. Constraints refer to restrictions on the motion of a system. The proper combinations of constraints can minimize the total number of constraints needed to maintain a system in mechanical equilibrium. When this happens, the system is said to be statically determinate. For such systems, the unknown reaction supports can be estimated using equilibrium...
543
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

278
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
278
Language Development01:22

Language Development

279
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
279
Language01:16

Language

170
Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
170
Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

4.8K
A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
4.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Centroid analysis: Inferring concept representations from open-ended word responses.

Behavior research methods·2026
Same author

Cross-linguistic zero-shot communication via ad-hoc pseudowords.

Cognition·2026
Same author

"This is a monkeylope!": A registered report on the factors of novel word creation.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2025
Same author

Valence without meaning: Investigating form and semantic components in pseudowords valence.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2024
Same author

Implicature priming, salience, and context adaptation.

Cognition·2024
Same journal

Incipient Constituents: Phonesthemes Facilitate Word Processing in English.

Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science·2026
Same journal

Tracking Visual Statistical Learning with Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials: Effects of Exemplar and Category Information.

Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science·2026
Same journal

Luck and Intentional Action: A Causal Account.

Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science·2026
Same journal

Expectations of Reciprocal Generosity Are Specific to Equal Relationships.

Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science·2026
Same journal

Resolving the Vagueness of Quantifiers With Explicit Expectations.

Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science·2026
Same journal

Where You Look Is What You Get: Individual Fixation Height Predicts Biases in Face Perception.

Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2025

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
09:27

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

9.8K

Do Languages Have Exclusive Disjunctions?

Andreea C Nicolae1, Aliona Petrenco2, Anastasia Tsilia3

  • 1Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Berlin, Germany.

Open Mind : Discoveries in Cognitive Science
|December 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Languages vary in how they express "or," with some forms seeming more exclusive. However, even the most exclusive disjunctions in five tested languages remained ambiguous between inclusive and exclusive meanings.

Keywords:
EXHRSAXORdisjunctionexclusivityiterated particlespragmaticssemantics

More Related Videos

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

5.5K
Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation
11:41

Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation

Published on: February 1, 2020

20.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2025

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
09:27

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

Published on: October 13, 2018

9.8K
Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

5.5K
Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation
11:41

Evaluation of an Exclusive Spur Dike U-Turn Design with Radar-Collected Data and Simulation

Published on: February 1, 2020

20.2K

Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Semantics

Background:

  • Natural languages offer multiple linguistic forms for expressing disjunction.
  • Native speakers often perceive certain disjunctive forms as more exclusive than others.
  • Recent claims suggest some languages may possess dedicated exclusive disjunctions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally test the claim of dedicated exclusive disjunctions across five languages.
  • To investigate cross-linguistic variation in the exclusivity of disjunctive interpretations.
  • To analyze factors influencing gradient exclusivity effects in disjunction.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a series of experiments focusing on five languages.
  • Collected data on the interpretation of different disjunctive particles.
  • Analyzed rates of exclusive interpretation associated with various linguistic forms.

Main Results:

  • Observed significant variation in the exclusivity of disjunctive interpretations across languages.
  • Found that complex disjunctions are generally perceived as more exclusive than simple ones.
  • Demonstrated that even the most exclusive disjunctions retain ambiguity between inclusive and exclusive meanings.

Conclusions:

  • The perception of disjunction exclusivity varies significantly across languages and forms.
  • While some forms are more exclusive, no disjunction is strictly exclusive, remaining open to inclusive interpretation.
  • Further research is needed to model the factors contributing to gradient exclusivity and scalar implicatures.