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Shrinkage in Concrete

Shrinkage in Concrete

Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 17, 2026

Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation

Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation

Published on: July 21, 2014

Comparing Polymerization Shrinkage Measurement Methods for Universal Shade Flowable Resin-Based Composites.

Mayumi Maesako¹, Nicholas G Fischer², Nagisa Matsui¹

¹Department of Operative Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin School of Dentistry, Nagoya 464-8651, Japan.

Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)

|December 27, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Universal shade flowable composites show varying polymerization shrinkage, impacting dental restorations. Bulk Base HARD II Medium Flow exhibited the lowest shrinkage, but measurement methods also significantly affected results.

Keywords:

polymerization shrinkage pycnometry resin composite restorative dentistry universal shade

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Area of Science:

Dental Materials Science
Biomaterials Engineering
Polymer Chemistry

Background:

Universal shade flowable composites aim to simplify dental restorations by reducing color matching issues and procedure time.
However, polymerization shrinkage in these resin-based composites (RBCs) remains a concern, potentially causing post-operative sensitivity and restoration failure.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the polymerization shrinkage of recently introduced universal shade flowable RBCs.
To evaluate the influence of two distinct measurement methods (wet and dry density) on shrinkage assessment.

Main Methods:

Polymerization shrinkage was calculated by measuring the density difference of unpolymerized and polymerized RBCs using ISO 17304 (wet method) and gas displacement pycnometry (dry method).
Filler particle visualization was performed using scanning electron microscopy.

Main Results:

Significant variations in polymerization shrinkage were observed among the tested universal shade flowable RBCs.
Bulk Base HARD II Medium Flow demonstrated significantly lower polymerization shrinkage compared to all other materials.
Measurement methods yielded significantly different shrinkage values, with the wet method generally showing less shrinkage than the dry method, though exceptions like Gracefil LoFlow occurred.

Conclusions:

Polymerization shrinkage varies considerably between universal shade flowable RBCs, influenced by both material composition and the measurement technique employed.
Accurate and standardized methods for measuring polymerization shrinkage are crucial for advancing biomimetic clinical dentistry.