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Related Concept Videos

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

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EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria01:07

Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria

319
Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
The formation constant, K1, for the formation of Cd(NH3)2+ complex from cadmium and ammonia is 3.55 × 102. Log K1 (i.e. pNH3) is 2.55, and...
319
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

409
Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
409
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

435
In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

897
Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
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Updated: Jun 4, 2025

Synthesis of Near-Infrared Emitting Gold Nanoclusters for Biological Applications
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NHC-Au-xanthate complexes.

Supratim Chakraborty1, Aleksander Gorski2, Oksana Danylyuk2

  • 1Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Kasprzaka 44/52, Poland. michal.michalak@icho.edu.pl.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|January 3, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New N-heterocyclic carbene gold xanthate complexes are versatile photocatalysts and π-catalysts. These gold complexes efficiently catalyze cycloadditions, allene hydroxylation, and alkyne hydrohydrazination reactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are versatile ligands in organometallic chemistry.
  • Gold complexes have shown promise in various catalytic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel N-heterocyclic carbene gold xanthate (NHC-Au-X) complexes.
  • To explore the catalytic potential of these complexes in organic transformations.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and isolation of NHC-Au-X complexes.
  • Comprehensive characterization using spectroscopic and analytical techniques.
  • Evaluation of catalytic activity in [2+2]-cycloadditions, intramolecular hydroxylation of allenes, and hydrohydrazination of alkynes.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized and characterized a series of NHC-Au-X complexes.
  • Demonstrated the versatility of these complexes as photocatalysts.
  • Showcased their efficacy as π-catalysts in key organic reactions.

Conclusions:

  • NHC-Au-X complexes are easily accessible and highly versatile catalysts.
  • These complexes offer a promising platform for developing new catalytic methodologies in organic synthesis.