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Related Concept Videos

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder01:28

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
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Personality Disorders: Dependent and Obsessive-Compulsive01:24

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Dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are two separate psychological conditions that influence behavior, relationships, and overall life functioning. Though both involve maladaptive behaviors, their core characteristics and motivations differ significantly.
 Dependent Personality Disorder
Dependent personality disorder is characterized by an excessive reliance on others to manage various aspects of life. Individuals with this disorder often struggle...
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Horney's Sociocultural Approach01:27

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Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theories emphasize the potential for self-realization and the importance of addressing social and cultural, rather than biological, factors in personality development. She challenged traditional Freudian views, particularly Freud's concept of "penis envy," which she argued stemmed from cultural influences rather than inherent biological differences. Horney believed that any sense of inferiority in women was a result of societal conditioning, such as...
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Personality Disorders: Schizotypal and Histrionic01:20

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Schizotypal personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder are two distinct psychological conditions classified under personality disorders, each characterized by unique behavioral patterns and social difficulties. Both disorders significantly affect interpersonal relationships and emotional well-being, leading to social isolation and frustration.
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Personality Disorders: Paranoid and Schizoid01:22

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Personality disorders represent enduring cognition, affect, and behavior patterns that significantly deviate from societal norms. These maladaptive traits often lead to difficulties in various domains, including interpersonal relationships, occupational settings, and overall psychological well-being. Paranoid personality disorder and schizoid personality disorder are two distinct conditions marked by odd or eccentric behavior.
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Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
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Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
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"Actor-critic" dichotomous hyperactivation and hypoconnectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Ana Araújo1, Isabel C Duarte2, Teresa Sousa3

  • 1Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Psychiatry, Local Health Unit of Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal.

Neuroimage. Clinical
|January 9, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) involves impaired response inhibition, with unique brain activity patterns in "actor" and "critic" regions. These neural differences correlate with symptom severity and may inform new therapies.

Keywords:
Actor-criticCaudateError monitoringInhibitionObsessive–compulsive disorderPutamenVentral tegmental area

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Response inhibition dysfunction is linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) but neural mechanisms are unclear.
  • Existing models do not fully integrate inhibition, error processing, and behavioral correlates in OCD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate neural mechanisms of response inhibition and error processing in OCD using an actor-critic framework.
  • To correlate brain activity and connectivity with behavioral measures and symptom severity in individuals with OCD.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a stop-signal task in 19 adults with OCD and 21 healthy controls.
  • Analysis of brain activation and functional connectivity in actor (striatum) and critic (midbrain) regions.
  • Correlation of neural measures with behavioral performance (slowness) and OCD symptom severity.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with OCD showed reduced connectivity between critic regions and frontal control areas during response preparation.
  • Task-related midbrain hyperactivation and striatal hyperactivation during error processing were observed in OCD, linked to behavioral slowness.
  • An opposing relationship between ventral tegmental area (actor) and caudate (critic) activity influenced OCD symptom severity.

Conclusions:

  • A distinct actor-critic neural profile in OCD underlies "harm-avoidant" response suppression and impacts symptom severity.
  • Hypoconnectivity and hyperactivation patterns suggest neural adaptation mechanisms in OCD.
  • Findings offer potential for neurobiologically-informed therapeutic strategies for OCD.