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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2025

Surface Engineering of Pancreatic Islets with a Heparinized StarPEG Nanocoating
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Controlled Nutrient Delivery to Pancreatic Islets Using Polydopamine-Coated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles.

Rosita Primavera1, Jing Wang1, Peter Buchwald2

  • 1Department of Radiology, Interventional Radiology Innovation at Stanford (IRIS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, United States.

Nano Letters
|January 10, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new nanoscale platform delivers glutamine (G) to support transplanted pancreatic islets. This polydopamine-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticle system enhances islet engraftment and function in diabetic mice.

Keywords:
Amino acidsDiabetesGlutamineIslet transplantationMesoporous silica nanoparticlesNutrient deliveryPolydopamine

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Transplanted pancreatic islets require sustained nutrient support for survival and function.
  • Inflammatory conditions can compromise islet viability post-transplantation.
  • Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) offer a versatile platform for drug and nutrient delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and optimize a nanoscale platform for sustained glutamine delivery to pancreatic islets.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of the platform in supporting islet viability and function ex vivo and in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of polydopamine (PD)-coated MSNPs loaded with glutamine (G).
  • Optimization of PD concentration and incubation time for controlled G release.
  • Ex vivo assessment of islet viability and function under inflammatory conditions.
  • In vivo evaluation of islet engraftment and glycemic control in STZ-diabetic mice.

Main Results:

  • Optimized PD-G-MSNPs (0.5 mg/mL PD, 0.5 h incubation) demonstrated superior support for islet viability and function ex vivo, especially under inflammation.
  • In vivo studies showed that PD-G-MSNPs significantly improved islet engraftment and function compared to G alone.
  • Mice treated with PD-G-MSNPs maintained glycemic control for 30 days post-transplantation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed PD-G-MSNP nanoscale platform enables sustained glutamine delivery, crucial for supporting transplanted islets.
  • This platform holds promise for enhancing islet transplantation success by providing essential nutrients until vascularization occurs.